Berman was influenced by his San Francisco Beat circle and by Surrealism, Dada, and the Kabbalah. Berman, called the "father" of assemblage art, would use a Verifax photocopy machine (Kodak) to make copies of the images, which he would often juxtapose in a grid format. ![]() Charles Arnold, Jr., an instructor at Rochester Institute of Technology, made the first photocopies with artistic intent in 1961 using a large Xerox camera on an experimental basis. The first artists recognized to make copy art are Charles Arnold, Jr., and Wallace Berman. 3D color copy art by Ginny Lloyd Early history 1960s–1970s Comic book artists could quickly use parts of their work over and over. Print on demand meant making books and magazines at the corner copy shop without censorship and with only a small outlay of funds. Multiple prints of assemblage and collage meant artists could share work more freely. Copy shops were springing up all over San Francisco, and access to copiers made it possible to create inexpensive art of unique imagery. Alongside the computer boom a copy art explosion was taking place. Rochester was known as the Imaging Capital of the World with Eastman Kodak and Xerox, while many artists with innovative ideas created cutting edge works in San Francisco. ![]() Throughout the history of copy art San Francisco and Rochester are mentioned frequently. Puppets, a 2002 photo of a lithograph from xerographic direct imaging of two 20th century hand puppets Publishing collaborative mail art in small editions of Xerox art and mailable book art was the purpose of International Society of Copier Artists (I.S.C.A.) founded by Louise Odes Neaderland. It is often used in collage, mail art and book art. Xerox art appeared shortly after the first Xerox copying machines were made. Each machine also creates different effects. Basic techniques include: Direct Imaging, the copying of items placed on the platen (normal copy) Still Life Collage, a variation of direct imaging with items placed on the platen in a collage format focused on what is in the foreground/background Overprinting, the technique of constructing layers of information, one over the previous, by printing onto the same sheet of paper more than once Copy Overlay, a technique of working with or interfering in the color separation mechanism of a color copier Colorizing, vary color density and hue by adjusting the exposure and color balance controls Degeneration is a copy of a copy degrading the image as successive copies are made Copy Motion, the creation of effects by moving an item or image on the platen during the scanning process. Often, with proper manipulation, rather ghostly images can be made. The curvature of the object, the amount of light that reaches the image surface, and the distance of the cover from the glass, all affect the final image. If the object is not flat, or the cover does not totally cover the object, or the object is moved, the resulting image is distorted in some way. ![]() Prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a copying machine and by pressing "start" to produce an image. ![]() Xerox art (sometimes, more generically, called copy art, electrostatic art, scanography or xerography) is an art form that began in the 1960s.
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